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德國退休金改革明年上路:各國退休制度為何集體「改規則」?

一句話結論: 德國正從「隨收隨付」走向「資本市場退休」——2027 年起國家改補貼券商帳戶而非保險商品,退休金制度正在全球同步「延後給付、提高自籌」,個人越早開始複利準備,越有選擇權。
德國退休金改革圖表

從俾斯麥到 ETF:一場超過二十年的退休金大翻修

德國的退休金制度,向來被視為「俾斯麥模式」的代表:靠現役勞工繳費,直接支付給退休族,也就是所謂的「隨收隨付」(pay-as-you-go)。這個制度撐了德國超過一世紀,如今卻碰上最嚴峻的考驗——人口結構。

彭博 8 月 15 日報導,德國正推出一系列措施,規模堪稱二十多年來最大的退休金改革。核心方向只有一個:把錢從「保證型」的保險商品,轉向「資本市場型」的投資帳戶。外媒形容這是「從俾斯麥到 ETF」的轉變。

德國複製美國 401k 示意

2027 年起:國家改補貼券商帳戶

改革最關鍵的改變,從 2027 年 1 月開始生效:國家停止補貼保險型商品,改為補貼退休儲蓄的券商帳戶。這幾乎是複製美國 401k 的模式——標準帳戶的費用上限壓在 1%,低成本 ETF 因此成為最大贏家。

預估未來十年內,德國的私人退休資產將從目前規模翻倍至約 5,000 億歐元。對習慣「保證給付」的德國儲蓄者來說,這是一次巨大的文化轉變:退休金的成敗,從「國家保證」轉向「市場表現」。

彭博:基金經理追逐 5000 億歐元德國退休金轉型

為什麼各國都在「改規則」?

德國不是唯一改規則的國家。背後共同的驅動力是人口結構:十年內,德國將進入「兩個工作年齡人口養一個退休族」的階段。隨收隨付制度在這種結構下必然吃緊,各國因此不約而同走向三條路:

1. 延後給付:提高法定退休年齡、調降給付水準;

2. 提高自籌:從確定給付(DB)轉向確定提撥(DC),個人承擔投資風險;

3. 資本市場化:國家用稅務優惠引導民眾把退休儲蓄投入股票、ETF 等長期資產。

這波改革也重新點燃「退休到底要準備多少錢」的討論。以 2026 年的調查數據為例,有統計顯示退休族實際每月開銷約新台幣 7 萬元、至少需準備約 1,901 萬元才能安心退休——無論在哪個國家,通膨與長壽風險都讓「存夠退休金」的門檻持續上修。

退休準備金示意

對一般人的三個啟示

1. 別只靠國家:各國退休金改革的方向一致——國家給付只會越來越少,個人準備越來越重要;

2. 善用資本市場:低費用 ETF、長期複利,是對抗通膨最有效的工具之一;

3. 越早開始越好:退休準備的關鍵不是金額,而是時間。同樣目標,25 歲開始與 45 歲開始,每月需要投入的金額可以差上好幾倍。

常見問題 (FAQ)

Q1:德國的退休金改革具體改什麼?

核心是從「隨收隨付」轉向「資本市場退休」:2027 年起國家改為補貼退休儲蓄券商帳戶,標準帳戶費用上限 1%,私人退休資產目標在十年內翻倍至約 5,000 億歐元。

Q2:為什麼德國要改?

人口結構是主因。十年內德國將進入兩個工作年齡人口養一位退休族的階段,隨收隨付制度在這種結構下難以為繼,必須讓退休儲蓄透過資本市場增值。

Q3:退休金「一次領」還是「按月領」哪個划算?

沒有標準答案,取決於稅率、預期壽命與投資能力。一次領適合有紀律投資能力的人,按月領則提供穩定現金流;多數人會選擇兩者搭配。

Q4:個人該怎麼開始準備退休金?

三步驟:先算目標金額(參考年支出的 20–25 倍)、再選低成本指數型 ETF 長期投入、最後定期檢視與再平衡。重點是越早開始,複利效果越大。

Q5:各國退休金改革對一般人有什麼共同啟示?

全球趨勢一致:延後給付、提高自籌、資本市場化。國家保證的部分會持續縮水,個人必須把退休準備當成自己的責任,用長期投資對抗通膨與長壽風險。


資料來源:Bloomberg(2026/8/15)、Business Insider、經濟日報(2026/8/16)、旺得富(2026/8/15)

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